In Thailand, it is usual for a borrower to make an agreement with a lender when borrowing a great sum of money, to protect the rights of both parties. The main forms of security recognised under Thai law are pledges, mortgages and business collateral. Mortgages must be registered with the competent authority (e.g. land office, local machinery registration office) and business collateral agreements must be registered with the Department of Business Development. Other security interests do not need to be registered. Following are the introduction of the three types of security.
借款人在泰國在貸款大筆資金時通常會與貸款人達成協議，以保護雙方的權利。泰國法律承認的擔保的主要形式是質押、抵押和商業抵押品。抵押必須在主管機關(例如土地局、當地機械登記處)登記、商業抵押貸款協議必須在商務部登記。其他擔保權益無需登記。以下分別介紹這三種擔保類型。
Persons eligible to take security
有資格接受擔保的人
Under the Thai Civil and Commercial Code (“CCC”), there is neither a specific requirement setting qualifications of Thai or foreign lender who is eligible to take security interests by way of pledge, mortgage, guarantee, or assignment, nor a prohibition on any specific entity to engage in said activities subject to a corporate status having the objectives thereof. However, under the BSA, only certain types of juristic persons are eligible and qualified as security receivers. Eligible security receivers must also apply for registration with the Thai Ministry of Commerce (the “MOC”).
根據泰國民商法(“CCC”)，既沒有對有資格透過質押、抵押、擔保或轉讓獲得擔保權益的泰國或外國貸款人的資格作出具體要求，也沒有禁止任何特定實體從事具有其目標的公司地位的上述活動。然而，根據 BSA，只有某些類型的法人才有資格作為擔保接收人。符合資格的擔保接收人也必須向泰國商務部（“MOC”）申請登記。
Persons eligible to grant security
有資格提供擔保的人
Generally, there is no outright prohibition under the CCC for Thai and foreign individuals and corporations to grant security over their assets in Thailand. Under the
BSA, security provider can be either a natural or juristic person. Granting security may be subject to other restrictions under specific regulations. Prior to individuals or entities creating encumbrances over their assets, review on a case-by-case basis will be conducted to determine whether licenses, approvals or notifications to relevant government authorities are required. For example, under the Foreign Business Operations Act, B.E. 2542 (1999) (the “FBOA”), the provision of a guarantee or collateral such as a pledge, or mortgage to secure indebtedness of the debtor is considered an “other service” business activity under List 3 of the FBOA which is restricted for a foreigner as defined therein (which includes a foreign majority-owned Thai company), unless permitted.
一般來說，CCC 並沒有完全禁止泰國和外國個人和公司為其在泰國的資產提供擔保。依據BSA，擔保提供者可以是自然人，也可以是法人。根據具體法規，授予擔保可能會受到其他限制。在個人或實體對其資產設定產權負擔之前，將根據具體情況進行審查，以確定是否需要獲得相關政府機構的許可、批准或通知。舉例來說，依據佛曆2542年(1999)外人商業法(“FBOA”)，提供保證或抵押品、例如質押或抵押以確保債務人的債務被視為 FBOA 清單 3 中的「其他服務」商業活動，除非獲得許可，否則僅限於其中定義的外國人（包括外國控股的泰國公司）。
Pledges 質押
A pledge is a contract whereby a pledgor delivers to the pledgee a pledged property as security for the performance of an obligation. In addition to typical movable property, securities representing value such as shares, promissory notes, and cheques can also be pledged. Movable assets are defined under the Thai Civil and Commercial Code 2015 (“CCC”) as things not regarded as immovable assets. Such things include rights attached to movable assets. A pledge can be created by a pledgor physically delivering the pledged movable asset to the pledgee. In Thailand, pledges are frequently taken over shares in a company for the purpose of securing the pledgor’s obligations under a relevant transaction or contract.
質押是出質人向質權人交付質押財產作為履行債務擔保的合約。除了典型的動產外，股票、本票和支票等代表價值的證券也可以被質押。根據 2015 年泰國民商法(“CCC”)，動產被定義為不被視為不動產的物品。這些東西包括動產所附的權利。質押可以由出質人將質押的動產實物交付給質權人而設立。為了確保出質人在泰國相關交易或合約下的義務，經常以公司股份進行質押。
A pledge is automatically extinguished when the secured obligation is extinguished other than by prescription, or when the pledgee returns the pledged property to the pledgor. Due to this condition, the pledgor cannot use the pledged property during the term of pledge and the pledgee or storage administrator assigned by the pledgee must keep the collateral on behalf of the pledgee.
當附擔保債務非因時效消滅或質權人將質押物返還出質人時，質押自動消滅。因此，在質押期間，出質人不得使用質押財產，質權人或質權人指定的保管人必須代為保管抵押物。
The pledgee must be the owner of the pledged property. The reason is that if the pledge is enforced, there must be transfer of ownership. Only the owner can pledge the property.
質權人必須是質押財產的所有人。原因是如果執行質押，就必須發生所有權的轉移。只有所有人才能抵押財產。
Pledges are enforced by firstly requesting in writing that a debtor perform the obligation which it has failed to perform within a reasonable time. If a debtor fails to comply with the notice from a pledgee, the pledgee may sell the pledged property by public auction. The pledgor must be given notice of the time and place of the auction. If notice to the pledgor is not possible, the pledgee has the right to sell the pledged property one month from the time the obligation became due by a public auction.
質押的執行是首先以書面要求債務人在合理時間內履行其未能履行的義務。若債務人不履行質權人通知，質權人可以公開拍賣質押財產。拍賣的時間和地點必須通知出質人。若無法通知出質人，質權人有權自債務到期之日起一個月內以公開拍賣的方式出售質押財產。
Mortgages 抵押
A mortgage is an agreement whereby a mortgagor agrees to create an encumbrance over property in favor of a mortgagee as security for the performance of an obligation, without delivering or granting the right of possession of the mortgaged property to the mortgagee. They are the most used form of security taken over immovable property (e.g. land, buildings constructed on the land) and certain types of movable assets such as machinery or ocean-going vessels. Note that a mortgage may only be taken over such machinery that is duly registered under the Machinery Registration Act 1971. The registration of certain mortgages can take up to 30 days (as the registration of a mortgage on certain types of land may trigger a right for third parties to object). Other securities registrations can be done in a matter of days.
抵押是抵押人同意為抵押權人設定財產負擔，作為履行債務的擔保，而不將抵押財產的佔有權交付或授予抵押權人的協議。這次是對不動產(例如土地、土地上建造的建築物)和某些類型的動產(例如機械或遠洋船舶)採取的最常用的擔保形式。請留意，抵押只能接管根據《1971 年機械註冊法》正式註冊的機械。某些抵押貸款的登記最多可能需要 30 天(因為某些類型土地的抵押貸款登記可能會引發第三方反對的權利)。其他擔保註冊可以在幾天內完成。
The mortgage agreement must clearly specify that the mortgagor (the borrower) will borrow a certain amount of money from the mortgagee (the lender), as well as the details of the property being used as collateral. If these details are not specified, the mortgage agreement will be considered incomplete immediately.
抵押協議必須明確規定抵押人（借款人）將向抵押權人（貸款人）借入一定數額的資金，以及用作抵押的房產的詳細資訊。如果未具體說明這些詳細資訊，抵押貸款協議將立即被視為不完整。
Mortgage agreement will be void or have no legal effect only when the mortgagor has fully paid the debt to the mortgagee, including both the principal and interest. This can be referred to having no statute of limitations under the law, as it is an agreement between the creditor and the debtor that is witnessed and has legal obligations.
只有當抵押人向抵押權人全額清償債務（包括本金和利息）時，抵押協議才無效或不具法律效力。這在法律上可以是沒有時效，因為這是債權人和債務人之間有見證並具有法律義務的協議。
Enforcement of a mortgage can be done either by way of: (i) public auction through legal procedures with a court’s order; (ii) foreclosure; or (iii) public auction after receiving notification from the mortgagor. If there is an agreement in advance to allow the mortgagee to dispose mortgaged property in a manner contrary to the foregoing, for example, a private execution agreement, such agreement is invalid.
抵押的執行可以透過以下方式進行： (i)根據法院命令，透過法律程序進行公開拍賣； (ii)喪失抵押品贖回權； (iii)收到抵押人通知後進行公開拍賣。如果事先約定允許抵押權人以違反前述規定的方式處分抵押財產、例如私下執行協議，該協議無效。
To enforce a mortgage, the mortgagee must provide the debtor of the secured obligation a notice demanding performance of the debtor within a reasonable time but no less than 60 days. If the debtor fails to comply with such notice, the mortgagee may enter an action in court for a judgment ordering the mortgaged property to be seized and sold by public auction. In a case that a mortgagor is a third party, the mortgagee must also send notification in writing to that third party mortgagor within 15 days of providing notice to the debtor. If notification is not provided within 15 days, the third-party mortgagor is discharged from interest, damages and other incidental costs that occur after that 15-day period has expired.
為了執行抵押，抵押權人必須向擔保債務的債務人發出通知，要求債務人在合理的時間內但不少於 60 天履行義務。如果債務人不遵守此通知，抵押權人可以向法院提起訴訟，要求法院判決扣押抵押財產並公開拍賣。如果抵押人是第三方，抵押權人還必須在向債務人發出通知後 15 天內向此第三方抵押人發出書面通知。如果未在 15 天內發出通知，第三方抵押人將免於承擔 15 天期限過後發生的利息、損害賠償和其他雜費。
Business Collateral 商業抵押品
Business collateral agreement is an agreement whereby a security provider (either natural person or juristic person) grants security over property to a security receiver, as security for the performance of an obligation of the security provider or any other person, without delivering such property to the security receiver. They can be taken over business, contractual rights (including receivables), movable assets used as part of the borrower’s commercial activities such as machinery, stock inventory, raw materials for the production of goods, and intellectual property. The security receiver must be a financial institution or other person as prescribed under the Ministerial Regulations, such as foreign banks, specifically in the case of granting loans jointly with Thai financial institutions.
商業擔保協議是指擔保提供人(自然人或法人) 向擔保接收人授予財產擔保的協議，作為擔保提供人或任何其他人履行義務的擔保，且不將該財產交付給擔保接收人。這些可以接管業務、合約權利(包括應收帳款、用作借款人商業活動一部分的動產，例如機械、庫存、生產商品的原材料和智慧財產權。擔保接收人必須是金融機構或部長條例規定的其他人，例如外國銀行，特別是與泰國金融機構聯合發放貸款的情況。
The fact that the Business Security Law allows assets with economic value, which were previously not accepted or could not be used as collateral by financial institutions, such as business operations, claims, inventory, raw materials used in production, equipment for conducting business, intellectual property, etc., to be used as collateral for obtaining loans from financial institutions, increases the confidence of financial institutions in providing loans. It also reduces their financial costs. Additionally, since the loan is secured by collateral, the interest rate charged by these financial institutions is lower compared to unsecured loans. This increases the opportunities for businesses to access sources of capital.
《商業擔保法》允許以前金融機構不接受或不能用作抵押品的具有經濟價值的資產，如經營活動、債權、庫存、生產用原材料、經營設備、知識產權等，可以作為向金融機構獲取貸款的抵押品，增強金融機構提供貸款的信心。此還降低他們的財務成本。此外，由於貸款有抵押品擔保，因此這些金融機構收取的利率低於無擔保貸款。這增加企業獲得資本來源的機會。
The business collateral agreement shall be made in writing and registered with the Business Security Registration Office of the Department of Business Development. The security receiver registered under the Business Collateral Act (“BSA”) will have the preferential right to receive repayment of a debt from the collateral before ordinary creditors.
商業擔保協議應以書面為之，並在商務部商業擔保登記處登記。根據《商業抵押法》(“BSA”)註冊的擔保接收人將擁有優先於普通債權人從抵押品中獲得債務清償的權利。
The BSA sets up two enforcement methods including (i) the enforcement of property given as collateral and (ii) the enforcement of business given as collateral. For the property enforcement, the procedure would be collateral disposal or collateral foreclosure. On the other hand, when business enforcement registered as collateral, the enforcement process must be done by a security enforcer who is licensed and registered with the Business Security Registration Office of the Department of Business Development. The enforcement procedures under the BSA are generally faster than the procedures under CCC since it is done out of the Court.
BSA 設立兩種執行方法，包括(i)作為抵押品的財產執行和(ii)作為抵押品的業務執行。針對財產執行，程序將是抵押品處置或抵押品喪失抵押品贖回權。另一方面，當業務執行登記為抵押品時，執行程序必須由在商務部商業擔保登記處獲得許可和註冊的擔保執行者執行。BSA的執行程序通常比CCC的程序更快，因為這在法院外完成。
In addition, please be noted that a foreign lender is not permitted to take ownership of land. Therefore, upon enforcement of a mortgage on land by a foreign lender, such lender would only be able to enforce the security by way of a sale of the land through a public auction. The prohibition of land does not extend to buildings or constructions, which can be mortgaged separately to a foreign lender. If the foreign lender only has title in a building but not land where the building is constructed on, the foreign lender would not have access to building as an entrance to the building would still be on the land. In practice, to address this issue, the foreign lender would need to secure a right to use land to ensure that a building is marketable for a foreclosure process or the foreign lender would have access to a building if the mortgage is enforced.
此外，請注意，外國貸款人不得取得土地所有權。因此，當外國貸款人執行土地抵押時，此貸款人只能透過公開拍賣出售土地的方式來執行擔保。對土地的禁令並不適用於可以單獨抵押給外國貸款人的建築物。如果外國貸款人僅擁有建築物的所有權，但沒有建造建築物的土地，外國貸款人將無權進入建築物，因為建築物的入口仍位於土地上。實際上，為了解決這個問題，外國貸款人需要獲得土地使用權，以確保建築物可用於房地產拍買程序、或者如果執行抵押貸款，外國貸款人將可以使用該建築物。
#泰國質押借款 #泰國貸款抵押 #泰國質押擔保 #thaipledges #settingpledgesinthailand #thaiMortgages #securitiesregistrationinthailand # thailaw #泰國法律 #泰國中文律師 #IBC法律金融會計事務所 #泰國律師 #泰國法律事務所 #泰國律師事務所 #泰國會計 #泰國審計 #泰國會計事務所 #泰國審計事務所 #法律顧問 #泰國會計師 #泰國華人律師事務所 #thaiaccountant #thailawyer #IBCFirm #ThaiLawFirm #ThaiAccountingFirm #泰國台灣律師
Comentarios